While STIs are common and most are treatable, prevention remains the most effective way to protect your sexual health. This guide covers practical, evidence-based strategies recommended by the NHS, BASHH, and public health bodies across the UK.
Barrier Methods
Condoms (external and internal) remain the single most effective way to reduce the risk of most STIs during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Key points:
- Use a new condom for each act of sex
- Check the expiry date and BSI kitemark
- Use water-based or silicone-based lubricant with latex condoms — oil-based products can weaken latex
- Dental dams can reduce risk during oral sex, though they are less widely used
Condoms are highly effective against chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and HIV, and reduce (but do not eliminate) the risk of herpes, syphilis, and HPV, which can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact.
Vaccination
Vaccines are available for two infections commonly considered STIs:
- HPV vaccine – offered to all children aged 12 to 13 in England through the NHS schools programme. It protects against the strains most likely to cause genital warts and cervical cancer. Catch-up doses are available for eligible adults.
- Hepatitis B vaccine – part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule and available for adults at higher risk, including MSM and people with multiple partners
PrEP for HIV Prevention
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a daily or event-based medication that reduces the risk of HIV infection by over 99% when taken as prescribed. Since 2020, PrEP has been available free on the NHS in England through sexual health clinics. It is primarily recommended for:
- MSM and trans women at higher risk of HIV
- HIV-negative partners of people living with HIV
- Anyone assessed as being at significant risk
Regular Screening
Even with preventive measures in place, regular STI screening is essential. Many infections are asymptomatic, and early detection prevents complications and onward transmission. The NHS recommends annual screening for under-25s and more frequent testing for those with multiple partners.
Communication With Partners
Open conversations about sexual health, testing history, and STI status — while sometimes uncomfortable — are a practical and important part of prevention. Normalising these discussions helps reduce stigma and encourages mutual responsibility.
No single method provides complete protection, but combining barrier use, vaccination, PrEP where appropriate, and regular testing significantly reduces your overall risk.